Editor's note: This article is the third in our series on English language testing. In this article, we look at trends in language testing, accuracy of the tests and how the tests are changing.

　　Scores on English tests are very important to students around the world. In order to make sure that they do their best, both students and teachers should stay informed of how these tests are changing.

　　Clive Roberts is a director at ELS Educational Services, one of the companies that trains students in English. Mr. Roberts says the tests are changing greatly in response to the global growth in the use of English as a lingua franca – the common language used among people with different native languages.

　　Mr. Roberts says English "is one of the keys now to international student mobility. So, for that reason, a lot of new tests are being developed; old tests are being revamped to meet the needs of universities and employers worldwide."

　　In other words, students increasingly need English in order to study and work in other countries. So, schools and businesses are asking for more accurate tests.

　　Changes in language testing

　　Mr. Roberts says several parts of standardized tests have changed recently. Now, many tests are given on computers. And, he says, tests measure all four skills of language learning: reading, listening, speaking and writing.

　　"A lot of are now delivered online, all four skills are being tested, in some cases, by computer, in particular speaking and writing skills, which are the most difficult to assess on a computer environment."

　　Computer testing will reduce the length of time required for testing, because the tests adjust to the test-taker's ability. These computer-adaptive tests also increase accuracy in scoring. Computer-adaptive tests change depending on the test-taker's responses. They can become more or less difficult during the testing session. For this reason, the set of correct answers will be different for each test-taker.

　　Cultural sensitivity

　　Another change to language testing relates to cultural sensitivity. The term refers to material on a test that is based on a certain culture or is hard for test-takers from different cultures to understand.

　　Mr. Roberts says test development companies are now hiring people with intercultural communication backgrounds to review test items. The companies want to make sure the test does not upset test-takers. Having negative feelings may affect a student's performance on the test.

　　Accuracy in language testing

　　Changes to English proficiency tests make them better at measuring the learners' ability. However, Mr. Roberts says the changes may mean the tests are more difficult for some students.

　　"The tests have become more proficiency-oriented. The items are being designed in such a way that they test real-world proficiency and not simply sort of an artificial environment or a specific set of skills that are taught in a classroom. So a lot of authentic texts, a lot of authentic listening passages are being used."

　　The changes mean students have to be able to understand English the way it is used in everyday life, not just in textbooks.

　　What the tests measure

　　Another big change is the way in which a student's performance on the tests is measured. Mr. Roberts says that many tests are measured according to the Common European Frame of Reference (CERF) scale of language proficiency.

　　This measurement, Mr. Roberts says, "is similar to the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) and the Interagency Language Roundtable (ILR) guidelines, which are used by American universities and government agencies, respectively."

　　The rating scales and guidelines are designed to show what the learner is able to do in the areas of speaking, reading, listening and writing.

　　Mr. Roberts says, "It gives a description of what they can do with the language and then assigns a numerical value to that particular level."

　　Mr. Roberts says he believes linking the scores and the scales means the tests provide more useful information about a learner's ability than they did before.

　　In addition, changes to the tests will encourage schools to teach their students to use English for everyday life and study.

　　I'm Jonathan Evans.

　　Dr. Jill Robbins reported and wrote this story for VOA Learning English. Ashley Thompson was the editor.