This is the VOA Special English Agriculture Report.

　　When is a plant a weed? When its undesirable qualities outweigh its good points, say experts at Penn State University.

　　Weeds can take control of productive land. Crops generally produce several hundred seeds per plant. But each weed plant can produce tens or even hundreds of thousands of seeds. And some buried seeds can survive up to forty years, or even longer.

　　Eradicating weeds means you have to remove all the seeds and roots so the plants will not grow back. But birds or the wind can reintroduce them to the land.

　　A more common way to deal with weeds is to control them enough so that the land can be used for planting. Experts advise using two or more control methods.

　　Chemical weed killers or natural treatments like corn gluten can suppress weed growth. Dense planting of a crop can also act as a natural control. Bill Curran is a professor of weed science at Penn State, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He says dense planting is one of the most common methods for suppressing weeds.

　　He says a dense, competitive crop that quickly shades the soil will help suppress many weeds. The seeds need light to grow, so blocking the sun will reduce weed growth.

　　Other controls include turning over the soil, pulling the weeds by hand or covering them with mulch made from wood, garden waste or other material. Mulch is widely used, but even mulch has its limits. Natural resource specialists in the Queensland government in Australia note that weeds can be transported in mulch. This is also true of soil, grain, hay and animals.

　　Yet animals like sheep or goats can provide a biological control by eating weeds. Insects and other organisms can also act as biological controls.

　　Preventing the spread of weeds is an important part of weed management. Farm vehicles should be kept out of areas with weeds. If that is not possible, then clean off the equipment and your shoes when leaving.

　　People in Queensland are advised to take weeds and garden waste to a waste center or burn them, bury them deeply or make them into mulch.

　　Professor Curran says composting weeds is another way to make use of them. The process of making organically rich compost produces heat. This will kill many, though not all, weed seeds. The same is true of seeds that pass through farm animals that graze on weeds.

　　And that’s the VOA Special English Agriculture Report, written by Jerilyn Watson. For more information about weed control, go to voaspecialenglish.com. I’m Jim Tedder.

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